![]() Critical to the development and evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 has been the parallel rapid development of animal models of human disease that can be used to determine efficacy in pre-clinical studies (Muñoz-Fontela et al., 2020). One of the better responses to SARS-CoV-2 has been in the field of vaccine development, with over 300 vaccine candidates in development, of which 42 are in clinical evaluation (Le et al., 2020 WHO, 2020). The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been a key test of ‘Disease X’ response frameworks-the global response to a previously unknown pathogen of great significance-and the results have been mixed at best. Indeed, the related severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) both emerged within the last 20 years however, the combination of pathogenicity and transmissibility has put SARS-CoV-2 in a league of its own (Lai, 2003 Memish et al., 2020 Patel et al., 2020 Petersen et al., 2002). The emergence of a novel coronavirus responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality was not surprising. As of October 2020, less than a year since the virus was first identified, SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 35.5 million people and claimed over 1 million lives globally (CSSE, 2020). Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the end of 2019, the virus has rapidly spread worldwide to become one of the most significant public health emergencies of the modern age.
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